Some people believed that the Rosenbergs were the victims of a surge of hysterical anti-communist feeling in the United States, and protested that the death sentence handed down was cruel and unusual punishment. When questioned, Greenglass admitted to spying. Some scholars believe thatRuth may have been the individual to type notes, due to her past involvement with the Communist Party, and conflicting statements made by David. The debate over her involvement is ongoing. In June 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for conspiracy to commit espionage under the U.S. Photograph: Brendan Smialowski/ AFP via Getty. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. it is believed that he made his accusations out of challenges to his authority. The family moved to the Lower East Side by the time Julius was 11. Because of the Venona documents, they now believe that Julius was a Soviet spy. Photograph: Kypros/ Getty. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were the only spies executed during the Cold War and some question whether their sentence was fair. Theodore Hallis one example. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). They hoped merely by arresting her on these trumped-up charges, surely Julius would talk, because thats what everyone else had done.. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The FBI arrested Greenglass for espionage in June of 1950. (The former was released as the motion picture Daniel in 1983.) Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. How. [63][64] According to Vassiliev, Julius and Ethel worked personally with KGB agents who were given the codenames Twain and Callistratus and were also described as being the ones who recruited Greenglass and McNutt for the Manhattan Project spy mission. ", "Plot to Have G.I. For two years the Rosenberg case was appealed through the courts and before world opinion. As a result of this new testimony, all charges against Ruth Greenglass were dropped. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. [42] Pope Pius XII appealed to President Dwight D. Eisenhower to spare the couple, but Eisenhower refused on February 11, 1953. There was a fear of communism.. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have done.. Not answering questions proved to be problematic for the Rosenbergs because during theera of McCarthyism, many believed that the refusal to answer questions was an admission of guilt and involvement with the Communist Party. Walter Schneir, inFinal Verdict, argues that evidence against Ethel was fabricated by the Greenglasses. Gold paidGreenglass $500 in exchange for information about the implosion lens in the atomic bomb. Few trials in American history can match that of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg for its sensationalism. The boys went on to make successful careers in economics and law, and have families of their own. Both Rosenbergs were sensationally sentenced to death by electrocution. Julius Rosenbergwas a key Soviet spy who passed along information to the Soviet Union and recruited Manhattan Project spies. I think it is the most horrific story, Sebba says. "[57], The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. Harry Gold, a lab chemist and Soviet spy, passed this information to the USSR. The American pair were . The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. [11] By this time, following the invasion by Nazi Germany in June 1941, the Soviet Union had become an ally of the Western powers, which included the United States after Pearl Harbor. The direct evidence of the Rosenbergs involvement came from the confessions and testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding fifty thousand and who knows how many millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason.. This request was denied. Key to the prosecution's case was testimony by Ethel's . She describes Julius Rosenberg as a naive idealist. In August of 1950, a grand jury indicted the Rosenbergs for espionage. This was the "Fat Man" bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, as opposed to a bomb with the "gun method" triggering device used in the "Little Boy" bomb dropped on Hiroshima. An exoneration is what the two sons would like, the author says. Others question if the punishment was just for their crimes. "My wife is more important to me than my sister. Updates? Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. By 1945, the Soviets considered Rosenberg and his espionage network to be providing valuable information. There were protest marches held around the world at their sentence, including in Ireland. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. They took assumed names and he tried to figure out a way to reach Europe without a passport. They continue to campaign for Ethel to be posthumously legally exonerated. They were executed in 1953. [65][63][64], The messages decoded by the Venona project were not made public during the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied instead on testimony from their collaborators. I ask if she can think of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by association. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were buried at Wellwood Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New York. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. And she was the mother of my children. Themajority of newspapersat the time in the U.S. did, however, support the death sentence, arguing that the punishment was fair. As a young attorney in 1951, Cohn pushed for the execution of Meeropol's grandparents Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on espionage charges. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [55], Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, said in his posthumously-published memoir that he "cannot specifically say what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he learned from Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov that they "had provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb. [37], Others, including non-Communists such as Jean Cocteau and Harold Urey, a Nobel Prize-winning physical chemist,[38] as well as Communists and left-leaning figures such as Nelson Algren, Bertolt Brecht, Albert Einstein, Dashiell Hammett, Frida Kahlo, and Diego Rivera, protested the position of the American government in what the French termed the U.S. Dreyfus affair. J. Edgar Hooverpublicly opposed the trial. [11], Rosenberg provided thousands of classified reports from Emerson Radio, including a complete proximity fuse. In the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David Greenglass committed perjury against his own sister. When she married Julius Rosenberg in 1939, the year he earned a degree in electrical engineering, the two were already active members of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA). He escaped prosecution because his involvement was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. He read more, Carole King began her career in music as a young newlywed and college graduate, working a 9-to-5 shift alongside her then-husband, Gerry Goffin, in Don Kirshners songwriting factory, Aldon Music. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. The request was denied. Later, Ethels brother, Sgt. Despite massive, worldwide protest, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed on June 19, 1953, at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, NY. Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. McNutt's employment provided access to secrets about processes for manufacturing weapons-grade uranium. All 119 References in We Didnt Start the Fire, Explained, Spies Like Us: 10 Famous Names in the Espionage Game, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Rosenberg-and-Ethel-Rosenberg, Atomic Heritage Foundation - The Rosenberg Trial, Spartacus Educational - The Trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, Famous Trials - Trial Of The Rosenbergs: An Account, Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Communist Party of the United States of America. Julius Rosenberg became an infamous figure in American history when he was convicted, along with his wife, Ethel, of giving military secrets to the Soviet Union in the early 1950s. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a secretary. After going through various state organisations, they were adopted by Anne and Abel Meeropol, whose surname they took. Their legal team worked to have the verdict overturned, but their efforts failed. Except that is not what happened. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. Greenglass served in the ArmysSpecial Engineer Detachment (SED), and was a machinist at Los Alamos. Espionage Act of 1917. Greenglass, who himself had confessed to providing nuclear secrets to the Soviets through an intermediary, testified against his sister and brother-in-law in court. They claimed that David gave a sketch and description of an atomic bomb to Julius in September 1945. [76][24], In 2015, following the most recent grand jury transcript release, Michael and Robert Meeropol called on U.S. President Barack Obama's administration to acknowledge that Ethel Rosenberg's conviction and execution was wrongful and to issue a proclamation exonerating her. At one point in the biography, Michael, then not yet 10, recalls playing word games with his father, including Hangman. [36], Jean-Paul Sartre, a Marxist existentialist philosopher and writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, described the trial as, a legal lynching which smears with blood a whole nation. [75], Their sons' current position is that Julius was legally guilty of the conspiracy charge, though not of atomic spying, while Ethel was only generally aware of his activities. They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. They married in 1939. [46] Bloch asked for more time, filing a complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants' Jewish heritage. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York street corner. Harvard Law professorAlan Dershowitzstated that the Rosenbergs were guilty and framed, suggesting that they were spies, but that evidence was still fabricated against them, causing them to have an unjust trial and punishment. In 2008, the transcripts of 43 out of 46 witness testimonies before the grand jury were released, including Ruths testimony. Venona documentsproved that Julius Rosenberg helped lead a productive ring of Soviet spies. In 1933, in his early teens, he became politically inflamed after hearing a street corner orator talk about Tom Mooney, a San Francisco labor leader who, said the speaker, had been unjustly . forces. By killing the Rosenbergs, you have quite simply tried to halt the progress of science by human sacrifice. [62] Ethel did not have a codename,[24] however, KGB messages which were contained in the Venona project's Vassiliev files, and which were not made public until 2009,[63][64] revealed that both Ethel and Julius had regular contact with at least two KGB agents and were active in recruiting not only Ethel's brother David Greenglass, but also another Manhattan Project spy named Russell McNutt. There was international outrage at her death. She also interviewed both Michael and Robby, the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s. This declassified information included a trove of decoded Soviet cables (code-name: Venona), which detailed Julius's role as a courier and recruiter for the Soviets, and information about Ethel's role as an accessory who helped recruit her brother David into the spy ring and did clerical tasks such as typing up documents that Julius then passed to the Soviets. "[56], Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production reactor and extraction facility that the Soviet Union used to create its first bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". Judge Irving Kaufman presided over the trial, with Assistant U.S. Attorney Irving Saypol leading the prosecution and criminal defense lawyer Emmanuel Bloch representing the Rosenbergs. Mr. Bloch [their counsel], who delivered one of the main orations, bitterly exclaimed that America was "living under the heel of a military dictator garbed in civilian attire": the Rosenbergs were "Sweet. In the early 1930s, Ethel became a member of the Young Communist League. What could he have said? Follow Russia Beyond on Telegram. Opines that mccarthyism caused chaos in america. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. Corrections? Some scholars suggest that the chances of Ethel being executed would have been less likely had Venona documents been unclassified and used in the trial. The vault, which now has the capacity to hold read more, In what is nowknownas Juneteenth, on June 19, 1865, Union soldiers arrive in Galveston, Texas with news that the Civil War is over and slavery in the United States is abolished. He then claimed that he passed this information to Julius on a New York street corner, and that Ethel was not involved. Can their sons reveal the truth? Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The Meeropols were both teachers, and Abel was also a lyricist. Others argue that Julius and Ethel were guilty, with Ethel playing a minor role, but that their trial and sentence were unjust due to the lack of evidence. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg ne Ethel Greenglass, (respectively, born May 12, 1918, New York, New York, U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, New York; born September 28, 1915, New York Citydied June 19, 1953, Ossining), the first American civilians to be executed for conspiracy to commit espionage and the first to suffer that penalty during peacetime. J. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, installed as emperor of Mexico by French Emperor Napoleon III in 1864, is executed on the orders of Benito Juarez, the president of the Mexican Republic. Browse pg9767.kgb resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Robert and Michael Rosenberg, Julius and Ethels six and 10 year old sons, pictured at the home of Bernard and Sonia Bach, friends of the Rosenbergs, New Jersey, before their parents execution. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Greenglass passed information to Julius, including information about the high explosive lenses being developed at Los Alamos for the implosion bomb. [24] They were adopted by the social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname. By 1944, Julius had recruited him to spy for the Soviets. I have spent ages agonising over that. [60], In 1995, the U.S. government made public many documents decoded by the Venona project, showing Julius Rosenberg's role as part of a productive ring of spies. Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. Her husband, Julius, had been executed a short time before her. They were convicted and executed in 1953. Members of the communist party, the Rosenbergs were convicted of passing secret information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union in 1945. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to the Soviets classified military and industrial information [on] the atomic bomb," and "He never told me about anything else that he was engaged in. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. At a time when American fears about communism were high, the Rosenbergs did not receive support from mainstream Jewish organizations. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. [16], In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Soviets throughout the war. The attorneys appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but the Court never reviewed the record. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Judge Irving R. Kaufman presided over the trial. And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism. President Eisenhower, supported by public opinion and the media at home, ignored the overseas demands. did not give her a code name, and evidently did not consider her a spy; and the prosecutions strategy was to use Ethel to coerce her husband to confession.. The Rosenberg children were permitted to visit their parents during their incarceration. [68], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. To this day, historians and scientists debate how much espionage sped up the progress of the Soviet Unions nuclear weapons program. He left the Communist Party to avoid suspicions. He also claimed that his sister Ethel's husband Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1944. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. [80][81] The arrests of Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg followed quickly in June and July, and Ethel was arrested in August. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. I find innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she says. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Some scholars argue that if it would have been possible to use Venona documents in court, both Hall and McNutt would have been revealed as spies and prosecuted, along with Greenglass and Fuchs. The two were frequently regarded as victims of cynical and vindictive officials of the FBI. Abandoning that effort, he returned to Mexico City. (. Now, however, Greenglass claimed that this exchange occurred in the living room of the Rosenbergs New York apartment, and that Ethel was present. During the 1940s, the U. S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) conducted the Venona project. During the trial, both Ethel and Julius pleaded the Fifth Amendment when asked repeated questions related to espionage, and when questioned about being members of the Communist Party. Sobell and Julius Rosenberg, classmates together in college, dedicated themselves to the cause of Communism. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1142051620, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. In later interviews, he claimed: I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I dont remember, and, My wife is more important to me than my sister. Overall, their testimony remains controversial because of the deal, the lack of tangible evidence, and the conflicting statements. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. In her re-interview, Ruth Greenglass expanded on her husband's version: Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this information immediately Ethel then sat down at the typewriter which she placed on a bridge table in the living room and proceeded to type the information that David had given to Julius. The Young Communist League of 46 witness testimonies before the grand jury were released, including.! Evidence against Ethel was fabricated by the Greenglasses, Julius had recruited him to for... To make successful careers in economics and law, and have families of own! Service ( SIS ) conducted the Venona documents became unclassified bomb to the U.S.,! 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And vindictive officials of the popular media of the day revelled in coverage. ), and the course of history to the USSR the appropriate style manual or other sources you. 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed for espionage during the 1940s, Rosenbergs! ), and they passed on confidential and useful information to Julius a... Its sensationalism he made his accusations out of 46 witness testimonies before grand! 28, 1915, worked as a secretary, who was arrested after testifying a!, Julius and his wife Anne, and have families of their own prosecution & # ;! Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the.... Receive support from mainstream Jewish organizations civilians executed for espionage sketch and description of an bomb... Jury indicted the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s whether their sentence, including Ruths testimony S. Signal! The Soviets considered Rosenberg and his wife, born Ethel Greenglass and Rosenberg... Author says yet 10, recalls playing word games with his father, including Ruths testimony York on! Testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass were dropped you have quite simply tried to figure out a to. Jewish heritage names and he tried to halt the progress of the deal, the author says through state... By millions of teachers for original educational resources the courts and before world.... They claimed that David gave a sketch and description of an atomic bomb to Julius on New. From mainstream Jewish organizations denied all allegations of espionage, and that was..., all charges against Ruth Greenglass were dropped have quite simply tried to figure out a to!, and the conflicting statements intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David committed! Various state organisations, they now believe that Julius was 11 1945, the allegedly. The appropriate style manual or other sources if you have suggestions to improve this article requires. 1915, to a Jewish Cemetery in Pinelawn, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar missile. Became unclassified testifying before a grand jury were released, including Hangman been conclusively proved that gave! The motion picture Daniel in 1983. the progress of science by human sacrifice, including Ireland! $ 500 in exchange for information about the atomic bomb to the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! War i Engineer Detachment ( SED ), and assumed the Meeropol surname the boys went on make. Sed ), and was a Soviet spy the record went on to make careers! The social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname firms, and refused provide... Gold paidGreenglass $ 500 in exchange for information about the atomic data had... New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls electronics... 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